Planets - Navgraha

Nine Planets (Graha) in vedic astrology are - two luminaries, five planets and two nodes. Each planet impacts human life through its basic traits, based on its placement in the horoscope. Planets are considered as deities in Hindu mythology and worshiped across the country. Navgraha Temples are easy to locate in every medium sector of every town and city, and there are numerous Shani Temples across the globe. The three karmic planets are Saturn, Rahu and ketu, and they have special significance on human life.

Luminaries - 


Sun (Surya) - Sun, a kshatriya planet representing warrior class, signifies Ruler or the King. Life-giver and natural Atmakarak, Sun represents leadership, pride, idealism and enthusiasm in life. Courageous, fearless, competitive and full of valor, anger, aggression, Sun is the also considered most forgiving planet. Nobility, Dignity and Authority as his natural qualities, Sun represents father who heralds wisdom and benevolence but also practicality of a harsh and strict Guru. More on Sun...
 
Moon (Chandra) - Queen in planetary kingdom, Moon signifies mind and psychic. Moon the natural satellite of earth, is the reflection of Sun and it energy. More on Moon...

Planets - 

Mars (Mangal) - Commander-in-Chief of Planetary Kingdom, Mars signifies courage, actions, valor, brothers, cops, army, weapons, explosives, desires and libido. More on Mars...
 
Mercury (Budha) - Prince in Planetary Kingdom,  Mercury signifies intellect, communication, playfulness, charm, smooth talking with a natural flair in linguistics. More on Mercury...
 
Jupiter (Vrahaspati or Guru) - Minister of planetary kingdom, Jupiter signifies intellect, honesty, happiness, abundance, wealth, generosity, philosophy, wisdom and morality. More on Jupiter....   


Venus (Shukra) - Minister in the planetary kingdom, Venus signifies romance, wealth, luxury, sexuality, materialistic tendency and inclination for arts, music and sensuality. More on Venus...

Saturn (Shani Dev) - The only planet with title of 'Lord (Dev)', signifies discipline, delays, disputes, difficulties, obstructions, and represents servants or the working class. More on Saturn... 

Nodes - The shadow Planets.

Rahu - Extremely malign by nature, Rahu is the planet of illusion (Maya). Rahu, the serpent head, signifies the extremes, from jails and cemeteries at one end to the most famous and the richest at other end. More on Rahu...

Ketu - Malign by nature, its 180 degree to Rahu, both with placement and traits. Known as 'Moksha-Karaka', Ketu signifies spirituality. Headless by constitution, it absorbs the traits of the planets that conjunct or lord it. More on Ketu...

Western astrology emphasizes on role of three outer planets, but overrules the role of nodes.

Uranus
Neptune
Pluto

These planets not being part of vedic astrology have not been included or discussed.
 

Read On for the details on differences between vedic astrology and western astrology.